Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like modern racism, ingroup bias, been more racially prejudiced than others and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like True or false: Prejudice definitions can include positive or negative judgments., Prejudice is having a negative attitude toward groups or individuals, whereas _____ is when those attitudes turn into behaviors toward the group or individual., In the context of the world, every race is a: and more. Within the realm of personality psychology, the false-consensus effect does not have significant effects.This is because the false-consensus effect relies heavily on the social environment and how a person interprets this environment. An allocator divides a large sum of money among three groups of around 20 recipients each and also to themselves. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Like the guard at night saying: Who goes there, friend or foe? If the other group has good, cooperative intentions, we view them as warm and often consider them part of our side. However, if the other group is cold, we often view them as a threat and treat them accordingly. Understand 21st century biases that may break down as identities get more complicated. (Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. This best illustrates the perceived value of, The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social-psychological research on. C) Having an unreasonable fear of those who are different from you. 3. a special and definite purpose in a novel or other literary work. b. conformity One example of ratee bias is egocentric bias, which is best described as the tendency to: a. evaluate one; The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others is: A) consistency. For instance, Margaret might not be typical (or stereotypical) of an 80-year-old in that she regularly competes in organized half-marathons. According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that. The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. Three pathways by which self-concept can shape how we communicate are self-esteem, self-monitoring, and Multiple Choice self-serving bias. Narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others is a false statement. frustration-aggression principle., The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom we share a common identity, is called: a. a social trap. Women cannot drive. Research on gender attitudes conducted by Alice Eagly and her associates (1991) and Geoffrey Haddock and Mark Zanna (1994) suggests: Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight. A) lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group. Which branch of psychology is most connected with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another, Attribution theory was designed to account for, Ksana insists that her boyfriends car accident resulted form his carelessness. Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and, thus, give better speeches than girls. Discrimination and the implicit association test. At another end of the spectrum are homeless people and drug addicts, stereotyped as not having good intentions (perhaps untrustworthy) and likewise being incompetent (unable) to do anything useful. Also called the cross- race effect and the own- race bias. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. d. Catharsis. "Oh, very good," Judge Matsumoto . (Extremes). social class, family, football team etc.) Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. maxxa+ysubjecttopx+y=m. "teachers" actually seemed to enjoy shocking the "learners.". Distinguish prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. d. the blame-the-victim phenomenon. It's awful what the human race can do, even with the way we . Next, categorization can also lead to prejudice. Most people also identify as members of certain groups but not others. Consequently, because of the absence of genuine feedback, Yosef is not able to progress like other trainees. Es gratis registrarse y presentar tus propuestas laborales. As the world becomes more interconnectedmore collaborations between countries, more intermarrying between different groupsmore and more people are encountering greater diversity of others in everyday life. Thus, those high inSDO see groups as battling each other for these resources, with winners at the top of the social hierarchy and losers at the bottom (see Table 1). D) the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion. d. father care. This belief best illustrates: While visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian is said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." Tell your classmates what you will visit and what you will do and see there. a. a. amygdala "Them"those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of, A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage, Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to, Deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers, Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because, The "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted. c. more; more How often do you hear people criticizing groups without knowing anything about them? Her explanation for the accident provides and example of. Intergroup relations. (2004). People who score high on SDO believe that some groups are inherently better than others, and because of this, there is no such thing as group equality. At the same time, though, SDO is not just about being personally dominant and controlling of others; SDO describes a preferred arrangement of groups with some on top (preferably onesown group) and some on the bottom. Categories, then, are becoming more and more uncertain, unclear, volatile, and complex (Bodenhausen & Peery, 2009). Two months before the 2018 midterms, President Trump had a 40% job approval rating. They prescribe "proper" behavior. These types of stereotypes were overt, unapologetic, and expected to be shared by otherswhat we now call blatant biases. They were generalizations about a group, since most of the college students did not interact with people from Turkey. However, to justify preferential treatment, people often exaggerate the differences between their in-group and an outgroup. . By contrast, those high in RWA may equally dislike the outgroup member moving into the neighborhood but for different reasons. What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice? Being audience-centered means a speaker must sacrifice what she or he really believes to get a favorable response from . b. These two simple dimensionswarmth and competencetogether map how groups relate to each other in society. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. People are often biased against others outside of their own social group, showing prejudice (emotional bias), stereotypes (cognitive bias), and discrimination (behavioral bias). Manson, J. H. (2020). The finding that the greater the number of people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help, the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain, apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one's own group, the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. Draw a circle graph with this information. b. They are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but nonetheless biased, unfair, and disrespectful to a belief in equality. Although the interviewer may not be blatantly biased, their automatic or implicit biases may be harmful to one of the applicants. These maps of the group terrain predict specific types of discrimination for specific kinds of groups. In general, those high in SDO have a strong belief in work ethicthat hard work always pays off and leisure is a waste of time. a. cognitive dissonance. A) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others. Sadly, this can result in consequential discrimination, such as allocating fewer resources to disliked outgroups (Rudman & Ashmore, 2009). This means seeing women, minorities, homosexuals, and non-believers as inferior. ethnocentrism.d. In terms of basic social categories, the members of Nestor's cross-country ski club are the _____ and the members of the downhill ski club are the _____. This finding is consistent with the theory that some countries, like the U.S., emphasize an individualistic self-concept. The orientation of all people is "growth, autonomy, and freedom from control by external forces" (Schunk, 2016, p. 349). Make a truth table for the below given statement. Devine, P. G. (1989). (1998). a. the bystander effect. Log in Join. Representativeness Heuristic The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. c. Conflict View Essay - chapter_12 from HLT 1353 at University of Houston. The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the: "Teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress. 3. People who score higher on the scale show more ingroup favoritism in comparison with those who score lower on it (Stangor & Thompson, 2002). "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress. Intergroup bias. c. the social-responsibility norm. Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called, Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often, Prejudice can be not only subtle but also automatic and unconscious. Hanna is a supervisor in the production unit of a textile company. Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) Expert Help. tendency. Cindy's reaction best illustrates, People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their, In an experiment by Dutton and Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. In the United States, for instance, waves of new immigrants such as Chinese people, Irish people, and Italians, were met with open hostility, with attitudes often shifting to the most recent group of immigrants. D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Indicate the amount of expenses (if any) the firm recognizes during the months of June, July, and August in each of the following hypothetical transactions. Black people tend to dress pretty much alike. RWA respects group unity over individual preferences, wanting to maintain group values in the face of differing opinions. Despite its name, though, RWA is not necessarily limited to people on the right (conservatives). A change in behavior following a demand from an authority figure. 33. NIMBY, also spelled Nimby, in full Not in My Backyard or Not in My Backyard Phenomenon, a colloquialism signifying one's opposition to the locating of something considered undesirable in one's neighborhood. In political science, Duverger's law holds that single-ballot majoritarian elections with single-member districts (such as first past the post) tend to favor a two-party system.The discovery of this tendency is attributed to Maurice Duverger, a French sociologist who observed the effect and recorded it in several papers published in the 1950s and 1960s. Explaining behaviors based on a person's characteristics; traits, maturity, etc. a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike. A generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. Similarly, Ecuador guarantees the fundamental right to sexual orientation and gender identity. The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if, He feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team, After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. We identify o we compare ingroup bias o tendency to. A simple way to understand these mixed feelings, across a variety of groups, results from the Stereotype Content Model shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence. After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group. Instead, it measures how quickly people make judgments about the goodness or badness of various groups. The dislike originates from each classs favoritism toward itself and the fact that only one group can play on the soccer field at a time. And a stereotypical old person would be seen as high in warmth but lower in competence. Categories . CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. The process of pursuing our full potential is what he called the actualizing tendency. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes, adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard, influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality, stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable, the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity, the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. Turner, J. C. (1975). Blatant biases (also called explicit biases) are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, which express hostility toward other groups (outgroups) while unduly favoring ones own group (in-group). What groups illustrate ambivalent biases, seemingly competent but cold, or warm but incompetent? They are motivated by . For example, authoritarian leaders tend to allocate more national resources to members of their own tribe, religious sect, or political party. Notably, the combination of high RWA and high SDO predicts joining hate groups that openly endorse aggression against minority groups, immigrants, homosexuals, and believers in non-dominant religions (Altemeyer, 2004). Attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, emotional responses such as a speaker's attractiveness. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. The groups are supporters of two rival political movements in Thailand and politically neutral subjects. Ingroup favoritismthe tendency to favor members of one's own group over those in other groupsis well documented, but the mechanisms driving this behavior are not well understood. Flashcards, matching, concentration, and word search. She is a skydiver as well as a tennis player. Consequently, the girls in his class become apprehensive when preparing and giving speeches in his class. c. young adults tend to prefer the same kinds of music. d. sensory cortex. PPP and ( 1 at p)p)p). The scale, from Luhtanen and Crocker (1992), is shown in Table 12.2 "The Collective Self-Esteem Scale". d. aggression. For instance, the constitution of the United States attempted to ensure that all people were represented by the government and could participate in the creation of government. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). does not simply mean taking pride in one's group; it also involves asserting the group's superiority over other groups. python 3d scatter plot with labels; Katz, D., & Braly, K. (1933). Blatant bias is not a thing of the past, however. Influence (conforming) resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. these group categories that he fits into are his _____., an ___ is a large amount of people that perceive themselves as different from/ apart from their ingroup and more. This episode provides an example of, A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts' critiques of her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). School California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Course Title PSYC 3500; Uploaded By staceymartinez1224. Discrimination is a behavior bias against a person (or group) based on stereotyped beliefs about that group. Table 12.2 The Collective Self-Esteem Scale. exclusivity. Examined the impact of social roles and authority on behavior with his famous Stanford Prison experiment. Employees were reimbursed when they presented petty cash vouchers to the petty cash custodian. When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer help. Instead, when he returns home, he shouts at his son for playing video games. What does the term multicultural mean? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is known as ., The underlying reason why stereotype threat can undermine the performance of members of a group with respect to some ability is that the experience of stereotype threat fosters ., In individualistic cultures, what is NOT one of the four beliefs . The girls' belief best illustrates: Daniel does not get the desired salary hike during his annual appraisal. The tendency to recall faces of one's own face more accurately than faces of other races. Attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments, facts and respond with favorable thoughts. Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. According to Gallup's polling . This phenomenon is known as ________. For example, if you were asked to categorize ice cream as good or bad, you might quickly categorize it as good. This effect has been researched by many psychologists and linked to many theories related to group . How can people learn to get along with people who seem different from them? If people hold a negative view of Margaret because they hold negative views about older adults in general, this is prejudice. An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Yosef, who is of Jewish origin, joins her unit as a trainee. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group: Term. Female 1: I have my ups and downs just like anybody else. Whenever this person encounters a person that is both left-handed and creative, they place greater . a. Like SDO, there does appear to be an association between this ideology (i.e. Individualistic culture is to independent self as collectivistic culture is to _______ self. Unfortunately, even when some countries have created legal protections, they thought that equality applied to only select groups. d. ingroup bias., Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. a. a dispositional attribution. If word-of-mouth hiring practices in an all-White business have the effect of excluding potential non-White employees, the practice could be called: Bill is often described as judgmental, ethnocentric, and punitive. This reaction is best explained in terms of. B) ingroup bias. In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group-out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Explaining behaviors based on outside factors influencing and individual. c. frontal lobes The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups is called. This best illustrates, Montel, a White university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Liking yourself and the groups to which you belong is natural. The results of this study showed that the participants more often misperceived the object and mistakenly shot harmless targets who were Black. the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another, the theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition, the tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition, feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events, occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts, occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness, the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request, a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave, the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. Like most students in her school, she believes that Carson Elementary School is the best school in town. In our soccer example, one set of children will focus on their own desire to play without really regarding the similar desire of the other class as equal and legitimate. Here are some more examples that are actually prejudice, watch what you say! We group household objects together as furniture, certain domestic animals as pets, and certain books as classics. Categories are helpful because they provide a mental roadmap for how to interact in novel situations. Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotyping, Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002, Greenwald, Poehlman, Uhlmann, & Banaji, 2009, https://onlinepsych.pepperdine.edu/blog/prejudice-discrimination-coping-skills/, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. 0 . c. hindsight bias. Social psychologists have developed several ways to measure this automatic preference, the most famous being the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). The IAT measures how quickly you can sort words or pictures into different categories. This is how the IAT works: measuring tiny differences in the time it takes you to make judgments. a. deindividuation. Bodenhausen, G. V., & Peery, D. (2009). Finally, the tendency to categorize can be associated with discrimination. This module focuses on biases against individuals based on group membership and against groups. Plan a vacation in Switzerland that centers around its natural landscape. Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. Group-serving bias is the tendency to make more favorable attributions about our ingroups than our outgroups. An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Understand biases such as social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. d. physical attractiveness. . a. desensitizing them to violent acts. The phrase "not in my backyard," shortened to "NIMBY," seems to have appeared first in the mid-1970s. The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. The non-rival out-group acts as a reference . living in a nice neighborhood denotes ones place in the social hierarchya place reserved for ones in-group members). Although categorizing can be useful, it can also result in serious and negative consequences when labels are associated with a person or groups worth. However, regardless of political ideology, RWA focuses on competing frameworks of values. Tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other ethnic groups. Early. Expert Answer. An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. b. the bystander effect. c. outgroup bias. Female 3: But you know your kid better than anybody else and if you think he's acting different than usual, Male 1: acting really down, crying all the time for no good . A tendency to favor one's own group is called: been more racially prejudiced than others. For example, the ingroup in most societies is the average citizen, seen as warm and competent. The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. 30. People higher on SDO tend to choose and thrive in occupations that maintain existing group hierarchies (police, prosecutors, business), compared to those lower in SDO, who tend to pick more equalizing occupations (social work, public defense, psychology). Iceland, for example, guarantees legal equality between men and women. a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status . d. neural influences contribute to aggressive behavior in men but not in women. Another example includes people who feel benevolent toward traditional women but hostile toward nontraditional women. b. prejudice. Hanna overcriticizes him for minor errors. b. there is no physiological basis for aggression in humans. The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. D) the effects of exposure to violent pornography. Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. Social dominance orientation (SDO) describes a belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and are even a good idea to maintain order and stability (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). c. deindividuation. We naturally categorize people by age, language, occupation, ethnicity, income, and many other qualities. Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2010). Pablo and Sabina's failure to resolve their argument for their mutual benefit illustrates a failure to develop. Because the attributes of group categories can be either good or bad, we tend to favor the groups with people like us and incidentally disfavor the others. Other Quizlet sets. just-world phenomenon Social facilitation refers to the tendency to, Perform well learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others, Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone.
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