A German term used by Hitler to describe the German people, Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people, made up by Italy, France, and Britain to keep the status quo in Europe when Hitler decided to rearm Germany, this was a report generated by a League of Nations to try to determine the causes of the Manchurian Incident which led to the Empire of Japan's seizure of Manchuria; it condemned Japan for resorting to force, but the powers were unwilling to impose sanctions; Japan then withdrew from the league and kept Manchuria, these were Fascists in Spain; they lost the 1936 elections; as a result, Francisco Franco led an army against the republic; this coup d'etat was successful and Franco became the dictator of Spain. artillery. political idealism. How was the Spanish Civil War a preview for World War II? The Little Entente was an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia to defend itself against Hungary and the rise of the Habsburgs. Whither thou goest, I will go, as it says in Ruth 111 161616. overthrow the government. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. Picasso, who had allied himself with the Republican cause, read about the massacre of defenseless civilians and the theme of the mural for the Spanish Pavilion suddenly presented itself. the killing of approximately six million European Jews during World War II, as part of a program of deliberate extermination planned and executed by the Nazi regime in Germany led by Adolf Hitler. Made many demands against Germany to cut down its size and to reimburse France, which had been devastated by the war. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses. seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland on 5 October - 16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on December 1, in which the World War I Western European Allied powers and the new states of central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, in return normalizing relations with defeated Germany (which was, by this time, the Weimar Republic). a cultural movement that began in the mid-1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. He was followed in May 1937 by Juan Negrn, also a socialist, who remained premier throughout the remainder of the war and served as premier in exile until 1945. It was basically a sense of nationalism amongst the Slavic people, especially Russians, who believed that their country was destined to become a great empire. one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately. a British politician and three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The U.S. had frozen Japanese assets and cut off their oil supplies, which hindered Japan's plans for expansion. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. one of the most distinguished German field marshals of World War II. In 1933, new elections produced a rightist government which promptly undid earlier reforms. In March 1939 the remaining Republican forces surrendered, and Madrid, beset by civil strife between communists and anticommunists, fell to the Nationalists on March 28. German Chancellor and Fuhrer during World War II, his aggressive tactics were a major factor in the initiation of the second World War. It won the May 1936 legislative elections, leading to the formation of a government first headed by SFIO leader Lon Blum and exclusively composed of Radical-Socialist and SFIO ministers. Last Saturday my grandmother's twin sisters, Aunt Maeve and Aunt Margaret, celebrated their sixtyeth birthdays in an enormous family gathering at La Vista Park. France signed treaties with each of the countries. By November 1936 the Nationalists had advanced to the outskirts of Madrid. Moltke divided the forces on the western to counter the Russian army, greatly weakening his army and forcing them to retreat. They assured an alliance with each other while agreeing to support each other against Allied powers. French politician, was the Prime Minister of France three times: from 1936 to 1937, for one month in 1938, and from December 1946 to January 1947. Their intervention in the Spanish Civil War was a prologue to World War IL. These groups of largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. His term of endearment for JEws. led a war faction that took power in Japan in 1941. he decided to attack pearl harbor rather than yield to U.S. control. AKA Battle of the Ardennes started on December 16, 1944. planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis's favor. extreme right. Spanish Civil War, (1936-39) Military revolt against the government of Spain.After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. More than eleven feet high and more than twenty-five feet long, it is enormous and its vast scale meant that Picasso had to use a ladder in order to paint the upper sections. The Algeciras Conference was begun by Germany after it had tested the new French-British understanding by sending a warship to the Tangier where Kaiser William II made a speech favoring Moroccan independence. The Germans were far less generous, but sent the famous Condor In 1936, the pendulum swung again; new elections yielded a left-center majority and a Popular Front government, alarming the wealthy, the clergy, and the military. French fighters in World War II, who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces after the surrender of France and subsequent German occupation. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union as well as from the International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and North America. Spanish Civil War, (193639), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. He ruled a military dictatorship until his death in 1975. in Spain's Second Republic was an electoral coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various left-wing political organizations, instigated by Manuel Azaa for the purpose of contesting that year's election. Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union. Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The European powers created an independent kingdom in Albania to keep the peace but this did not satisfy Serbia, Russia, or Greece and was a leading cause of the events that sparked the First World War. Some production of the Hurricane was carried out in Canada by the Canada Car and Foundry Co Ltd. Renews March 10, 2023 Nationalist forces put the figure at 1,000,000, including not only those killed in battle but also the victims of bombardment, execution, and assassination. Far from being just an internal event, the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 also had a great deal of global influence, attracting left-wing volunteers from all over the world to help . The Triple Entente was formed because France, after forming the entente cordiale with Britain, wanted to reconcile its other ally, Russia, with Britain. The painting is full of energy but there is no color and its monochrome, nighttime palette is bleak and disorientating. the killing of all the 11 million Jews of Europe, a process now known as the Holocaust. aircraft and Soviet military advisors. until his death in 1975. Germany and Italy intervened in the long, complicated Spanish Civil War, where their support eventually helped General Francisco Franco's fascist movement defeat republican Spain (Spain's only official aid came from the U.S.S.R) . 20: The Revolution in Energy and Industry, Ch. military problems similar to those of the Republicans. Under the barrage of nationalist attack Barcelona fell, during It chronicles the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg. If I've gotten a term wrong, join the "AP Euro - NDHS" Quizlet group, and you should be able to correct it. a German SS officer and a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. His German allies pursued their experiments. Spanish Civil War, (193639) Military revolt against the government of Spain. Thus, the The wars end brought a period of dictatorship that lasted until the mid-1970s. the signature work of Adolf Hitler, combining elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitler's political ideology of Nazism. Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. The new constituent assembly was dominated by socialists, communists, anarchists, and syndicalists. Associated with the phrase "God, death, what is higher.". These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but are also credited with enabling the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power leading up to World War II. Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped (August 9, 1945). It failed in its purpose but was significant for later developments in international law. Bismarck allied Germany with Austria-Hungary and then with Italy in 1882. The two sides fought fierce and bloody skirmishes in a war of attrition. The Second Balkan War was over Albania, a mainly Muslim region in the Adriatic. The terms of the treaty were that both nations would be neutral if the other was to go to war with another nation (though this did not apply if Germany when to war with France or if Russia went to war with Austria-Hungary) and that Germany would be neutral if Russia intervened in the Bosporus and the Dardanelles. What began as a failed coup spiraled into a proxy war between Europes fascist and communist countries, with the future Allies backing the Republicans and the Axis powers supporting Francos Nationalists. He proved incapable of managing the state during the time of political turmoil before the end of WWI, and was forced to abdicate his throne during the Russian Revolution in 1917. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union as well as from the International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and the United States. As the bloody conflict escalated, the Republican On the other side, the Republican, were urban workers, most agricultural labourers, and many of the educated middle class. Republican military units in the Spanish Civil War, formed of many non-state sponsored volunteers of different countries who traveled to Spain, to fight for the democratic government in the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. The coup evolved into the Spanish Civil War during which he led the right-wing Nationalists against the Republicans. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. an alliance of left-wing movements, including the French Communist Party (PCF), the Socialist SFIO and the Radical and Socialist Party, during the interwar period. The plan's strategy was to first defeat France in the West while Russia was hopefully very slowly mobilizing its army in the East, then using Germany's good railroads, cross over to the East and defeat Russia. Her most famous works include the novels Mrs. Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927), and Orlando (1928), and the book-length essay A Room of One's Own (1929) with its famous dictum, "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction". He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. Ch. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The English Civil War began a historical precedent in the way the monarchs are seen in Western Europe. Printer Friendly. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly creating and saving your own notes as you read. German word meaning "cleansed of Jews". He was a skilled draftsman, best known for the striking, bizarre, and beautiful images in his surrealist work. The league was shaken twiceonce by the Congress of Berlin and again when the Balkans became disputed againbut remained until the forming of the Triple Alliance. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. It was a breeding ground for mass atrocities. Held between Britain, America, and the USSR: *Chose Europe's west coast as point of attack instead of the Mediterranean Sea -- led to Soviet Union occupying Eastern Europe, FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. There were Four Irish Home Rule Bills passed by Great Britain, and they allowed for a greater amount of Irish control over Ireland. Present were Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Charles de Gaulle. Nationalists took control quickly, in many cases aided by supplies from Benito Russian revolutionary, "Father of anarchy," critiqued Marxism, involved in the first international and led many revolts in Russia against the tsar, German republican govt 1919-1933, result of Treaty of Versailles and Kaiser Wilhelm's abdication, First German chancellor during Weimar Republic, a left-wing Marxist revolutionary movement organized in Germany during and just after the politically volatile years of World War I, a Polish-born Marxist political theorist, socialist philosopher, and revolutionary. for a group? The kite soared majestically over the treetops. During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. On one side, the Nationalist, were most Roman Catholics, important elements of the military, most landowners, and many businessmen. Mola organized for military action in Pamplona, while Franco traveled to Morocco Internecine conflict compromised the Republican effort from the outset. judgment of his military advisors, sending bombers and soldiers to Spain in . It was the first disarmament conference in history, and is studied by political scientists as a model for a successful disarmament movement. The Three Emperor's League consisted of Francis Joseph of Austria-Hungary, William I of Germany, and Alexander II of Russia but was formed mainly by Julius Andrssy, Bismarck, and Prince Gorchakov to keep peace between Austria-Hungary and Russia and to keep the conservative European forces together. After winning the civil war he presided over the government of the Spanish State. bombing. In the Spanish Civil War, service for Spaniards living abroad was optional and would have involved a voluntary return to the country to join either side. one of the most distinguished German field marshals of World War II. Hitler unleashed his air force or Luftwaffe, including the entire Condor Legion, which practiced in Spain the tactics it would use in the larger conflict to come. Want 100 or more? leader of the American forces in Europe during WWII leader of troops in Africa and commander in D Day invasion, Italian fascist who rules after Mussolini and with whom the US negotiates a surrender (so much for unconditional surrender--Stalin embittered). If a sentence contains an incorrect comma, draw a caret (^) over the comma, and write the correct punctuation above the caret. It resulted in three major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty and the Nine-Power Treaty and a number of smaller agreements. In 1931, leftist Republican parties triumphed in municipal and national elections, forcing Alfonso to leave Spain. Franco's wing Britain, The Spanish Republicans turned to the Soviet Union for support. The Triple Entente refers to the unofficial alliance between England, France, and Russia, created to counter the alliance Triple Alliance. steadily waned. leadership. The revolt quickly became a civil war. Government of the unoccupied part of France after the countries defeat by Germany, French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970). The Spanish Civil War was triggered by a complex range of events that were highly significant not only for the future of Spain, but also for the development of European politics in 20 th century. Term Paper, AP European History Class, April 2007 Table of Contents I. Kafka's works - including the stories Das Urteil (1913, "The Judgement"), In der Strafkolonie (1920, "In the Penal Colony"); the novella Die Verwandlung ("The Metamorphosis"); and unfinished novels Der Prozess ("The Trial") and Das Schlo ("The Castle") - have come to embody the blend of absurd, surreal and mundane which gave rise to the adjective "kafkaesque". AP European History Textbook . Corrections? boredom, disillusionment, or a desire for adventure as often as genuine While Picasso expressed anger and condemnation of Franco and the Fascists through his art he did not take up arms against them. The Spanish Civil War (18 July 1936 - 1 April 1939) was a civil war between Republicans and Nationalists. .And Generalismo Franco Franco is still dead. They would wait for 36 years, for Franco remained in power Ferried back to Spain in Italian ships, under the leadership of the general Francisco Franco, the Nationalists, as they were called, took control of the Spanish central region, which supported the rising. Sometimes it can end up there. Contact us a propaganda film by the German filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl. This occupation cost the French the good will of the United Kingdom and the United States, who presumably thought this was too harsh an action and not warranted by the circumstances. Republican violence occurred primarily during the early stages of the war before the rule of law was restored, but the Nationalist violence was part of a conscious policy of terror. Many fled Spain, becoming refugees and awaiting the toppling of the The uprising consisted of military action between the existing republican government and a nationalist faction led by a military General called Francisco Franco. $24.99 However, many other invasions and operations had a designated D-Day, both before and after Operation Overlord. The efficient Franco a soldier rather than a fascist, but in league with fascism none the less made steady progress. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The Nationalist side gradually gained territory and by April 1938 succeeded in splitting Spain from east to west, causing 250,000 Republican forces to flee into France. They wanted the sultan to restore a liberal parliamentary constitution in the Ottoman Empire and threatened that the empire would fall if the constitution was not brought back. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% The Paris Fair would give him an opportunity to bring the atrocities visited on the defenseless people of Guernica to the attention of the world, and so he set to work. Free trial is available to new customers only. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. This war was begun when Italy declared war on Turkey and conquered Tripoli and the Dodecanese Islands. Spain spent much of the 1920s under the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, and the economic hardships caused by the Great Depression intensified polarization within the Spanish public. while better organized than the militias, was chronically short of arms and General Francisco Franco There were two battles of El Alamein, both during 1942. Mussolini's Italy sent guns, tanks, Planes, and men. the Royal Irish Constabulary Reserve Force, which was one of two paramilitary forces employed by the Royal Irish Constabulary from 1920 to 1921, to suppress revolution in Ireland by targeting the IRA. Economics During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938), Attempts at Reconciliation and Disarmament (1921-1930), The Soviet Union During the Inter-War Years (1924-1935), Eastern Europe During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938), Italian Fascism during the Inter-War Years (1919-1938), Britain During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938). While ground combat was somewhat reminiscent of World War Itanks had a comparatively limited role, and lines remained fixed for months at a timeHermann Grings Luftwaffe offered a glimpse of the role that air power would play in the German blitzkrieg. but he knew nothing of the generals' plans. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Spanish popular front held at the Anfa Hotel in Casablanca, Morocco, from January 14 to 24, 1943, to plan the European strategy of the Allies during World War II. A region in northwestern France on the English channel. lasted nine days, from 3 May 1926 to 12 May 1926. military Nationalists pronounced their intentions on July 17, 1936. Stalins Soviet Union fed the Loyalists supplies and armaments, for which it required payment in full, and in gold. disagreed with the leftist efforts at army reform, and viewed with distaste the How was the Spanish Civil War a preview for World War II? By the end of 1938, Francos forces seized Catalonia; by spring 1939, Valencia and the capital of Madrid. That it did not has to do with the behavior of the onlooker European nations. Chapter 12 Identifications (Spielvogel) Chapter 13: European Society in the . stirred by the Nationalists were easily defeated in many cities where the loyal One of the most famous 20th-century artists, he is credited with painting the first modern abstract works. The political and emotional reverberations of the war far transcended those of a national conflict, for many in other countries saw the Spanish Civil War as part of an international conflict betweendepending on their point of viewtyranny and democracy, or fascism and freedom, or communism and civilization. Tsar of Russia from 1894-1917, who is largely described as being in the wrong position at the wrong time. The Visual Front: Posters of the Spanish Civil War; From the Southworth Spanish Civil War Collection at the University of California at San Diego. fast, maneuverable British fighter plane that helped England win the Battle of Britain. The actual Manhattan Project did not take place in NY. respected and very professional soldier. While the European democracies stayed aloof, totalitarian powers both communist and fascist sent soldiers and supplies. government fell prey to corruption and faction, and support and organization The Republicans (also called loyalists) were sent matriel mainly by the Soviet Union, and the volunteer International Brigades also joined the Republicans. the name used in the first half of the 20th century for the regions inhabited mostly by Germans in the border areas of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Silesia associated with Bohemia. It was called by the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in an unsuccessful attempt to force the government to act to prevent wage reduction and worsening conditions for coal miners. a military strategy used in a WWII where the Allies bombed the Japanese for days on end with the goal of weakening their defenses and bringing them to a surrender (which they never do). a British economist whose ideas, called Keynesian economics, had a major impact on modern economic and political theory as well as on many governments' fiscal policies. It called for the elimination of primarily Jews, but also non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. He served longer as the leader of the Labour Party than anyone else in British history. a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.
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