There is strong circumstantial evidence, however, to suggest that she was the Egyptian-born daughter of the courtier Ay, brother of Akhenatons mother, Tiy. [15][35], In December 2009, Friederike Seyfried, director of Berlin's Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection, presented to the Egyptians documents held by the museum regarding the discovery of the bust, which include a protocol signed by the German excavator and the Egyptian Antiquities Service. It was found by a German team led by Ludwig Borchardt in 1912 during excavations of a workshop belonging to an. [3] It is currently on display at the Neues Museum in Berlin, where it was originally displayed before World War II.[3]. Nefertiti's bust, as mentioned above, shows power and strength that is short of that of the pharaoh. [11][39] It remained on display at the Museum Wiesbaden for ten years before being transferred in 1956 to West Berlin,[11] where it was exhibited at the Dahlem Museum. Casting his own face onto that of Nefertiti, Lahlou collapses artist and muse in order to consider the queens image as a nostalgic symbol of femininity. Were also on Pinterest, Tumblr, and Flipboard. You cannot describe it with words. The artists said the project, called Body of Nefertiti, was an attempt to pay homage to the bust. [12] By the 1970s, the bust had become an issue of national identity to both German states, East Germany and West Germany, created after World War II. Two years earlier, the discovery by Howard Carter of her stepson Tutankhamuns tomb sent western Europe into a frenzy: fashionable women were slicking back their hair and wearing jewelled scarab brooches, and the Art Deco style took direct cues from the regimented decorative schemes of ancient Egyptian art. Her death is as mysterious as her origins. Nefertiti's glory resurfaced on December 6, 1912, when German archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt uncovered her now iconic bust among the ruins at Amarna. Similarly unheard of was the symbolic precedence given to Queen Nefertiti in the art of the Amarna Period. The bust was wrapped up in a box when Egypt's chief antiques inspector, Gustave Lefebvre, came for inspection. PDF | On Jul 31, 2017, Uro Mati published "Her striking but cold beauty":: Gender and violence in depictions of Queen Nefertiti smiting the enemies | Find, read and cite all the research . It is unknown why a woman like Nefertiti would have wanted to be portrayed like this. This neon Nefertiti denies the viewer eye contact, drawing us in while keeping us at a distance. The Met Collection API is where all makers, creators, researchers, and dreamers can now connect to the most up-to-date data and images for more than 470,000 artworks in The Met collection. The museum declined the request citing impact on gift shop revenue. Queen Nefertiti There is emphasis to life-like features of the face like an elongate jaw and thick-lidded eyes. "She was the Cleopatra of her time. Original from Egypt, Upper Egypt, Thebes, Valley of the Queens (Biban el-Malikat), Tomb of Nefertari (QV 66), Medium: According to historical records, Nefertiti had six daughters with Akhenaten by the names of Meritaten, Meketaten, Ankhes-en-pa-aten, Neferneferuaten-tasherit, Neferneferure, and Setepenre. Nefertiti (c. 1370 - c. 1336 BCE) was the wife of the pharaoh Akhenaten of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. Nefertiti (translated as 'the Beautiful Woman Has Arrived') - the newly-revealed probably original 'owner' of King Tutankhamun's famous golden death mask - was the wife of the . The simplest inference is that Nefertiti also died, but there is no record of her death and no evidence that she was ever buried in the Amarna royal tomb. The 7 Elements of Art A similar activity happens when the elements of art are combined. Upon its discovery in 1912, the portrait immortalized Nefertiti as the symbol of ideal feminine beauty and continues to be a popular attraction at the Neues Museum in Berlin. [22], Nefertiti has become an icon of Berlin's culture. She is perhaps best known for her appearance in Egyptian art, especially the famous bust discovered in 1912 at Amarna (known as the Berlin Bust), along with her role in the religious revolution centering on monotheistic worship of the sun disk Aten. Nefertiti's other daughter, Ankesenenpaaten became Ankhesanamun after her father's death, reflecting Egypt's return to polytheism. For comparative analysis between 1992 and 2006 CT scans: For a picture of "The Body of Nefertiti" see. "[29] It is described as the most famous bust of ancient art, comparable only to the mask of Tutankhamun. [3] It has been kept at various locations in Germany since its discovery, including the cellar of a bank, a salt-mine in Merkers-Kieselbach, the Dahlem museum, the Egyptian Museum in Charlottenburg and the Altes Museum. Stierlin claims that Borchardt may have created the bust to test ancient pigments and that when the bust was admired by Prince Johann Georg of Saxony, Borchardt pretended it was genuine to avoid offending the prince. Germanys claim to the ancient artwork has been contested by Egyptian authorities and activists alike. In 1929, Egypt offered to exchange other artifacts for the bust, but Germany declined. Scepter of Egypt II: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Hyksos Period and the New Kingdom (1675-1080 B.C.). A group of blocks recovered from Karnak (Luxor) and Hermopolis Magna (Al-Ashmunayn) shows Nefertiti participating in the ritual smiting of the female enemies of Egypt. This theory is now discredited. The immense wealth of the Egyptians meant precious stones, today reserved for the most opulent fine jewellery, were regularly crushed and ground as bold, eye-catching pigments. Yet the sculpture is also the subject of heated debates; the significance of Nefertitis gender and questions surrounding her racial identity have forged schisms in her modern cultural appeal. The bust of Nefertiti is perhaps one of the most iconic and copied works of ancient Egyptian art in the world and with . The name of the king, written hieroglyphically as a catfish and a chisel, is contained within a squared element that represents a palace facade. In exchange for this influence, she must remain a figurehead, her 21st-century fame marked by the disembodied power of a bust. Berlin-based artists Nora Al-Badri & Nikolai Nelles, on the other hand, converted their ideas about Nefertiti into action. reign of Ramesses II. [2] It is one of the most-copied works of ancient Egypt. [11][39] In 1967, the bust was moved to the Egyptian Museum in the Charlottenburg borough of Berlin and remained there until 2005, when it was moved to the Altes Museum. The famous family altar in the collection of the gyptisches Museum [fig.] "[23], According to David Silverman, the bust reflects the classical Egyptian art style, deviating from the "eccentricities" of the Amarna art style, which was developed in Akhenaten's reign. Egyptian Funerary Texts and Painted Coffins Funerary books provided guidance for the dead to reach the afterlife safely. [19], Dietrich Wildung dismissed the claims as a publicity stunt since radiological tests, detailed computer tomography and material analysis have proved its authenticity. Nefertari was the main wife of pharaoh Ramesses II and her tomb with its vivid wall paintings is one of the most beautiful tombs in Egypt. Within this geopolitical landscape, a number of German artists have explicitly engaged with Nefertiti in their artwork as a means of exploring ideas about identity and ownership. It was found by a German team led by Ludwig Borchardt in 1912 during excavations of a workshop belonging to an. The Bust of Queen Nefertiti. She had lost none of her charisma and appeal. Although Nefertiti and Akhenaten governed Ancient Egypt at a time of unprecedented wealth, their new religion unsettled the empire. Her name means, `the beautiful one has come' and, because of the world-famous bust created by the sculptor Thutmose (discovered in 1912 CE), she is the most recognizable queen of ancient Egypt. Author of. In her 2018 work Composition of Doorknocker Earrings with Pharaoh Heads and Nefertiti Recesses, the Detroit-born, New Yorkbased artist LaKela Brown brings Nefertiti into the fold of African-American material culture. The seventeen-year reign of the pharaoh Amenhotep IV / Akhenaten is remarkable for the development of ideas, architecture, and art that contrast with Egypt's long tradition.. The bust of Egyptian Queen Nefertiti, considered to be the Mona Lisa of the ancient world, may be a fake, according to two art experts. Bust of Nefertiti. The famous bust of Queen Nefertiti believed to be 3,400 years old could be a fake, according to an art historian. Nefertiti (meaning "the beautiful one has come forth") was the 14th-centuryBCE Great Royal Wife (chief consort) of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Tone/ volume/ shading: 3D rounded/ bulgy forms which seem to be . In his fifth regnal year, the pharaoh began his religious movement and renamed himself Akhenaten. Shape Grade Level: K-4 In America, artists of African descent have enlisted Nefertiti to examine their racial identity and heritage. The statues of Nefertiti are well-known for depicting the ancient queen as a paradigm of female beauty; the most famous example being her painted bust located at the Neues Museum in Berlin. ", "Neues Museum refuses to return the bust of Queen Nefertiti to Egyptian museum", "Nefertiti's 'hidden face' proves Berlin bust is not Hitler's fake", "Nefertiti's 'Hidden Face' Proves Famous Berlin Bust is not Hitler's Fake", "Egypt's Rubbishes Claims that Nefertiti Bust is 'Fake', "Nondestructive Insights into Composition of the Sculpture of Egyptian Queen Nefertiti with CT and the dependence of object surface from image processing", "Nondestructive Insights into Composition of the Sculpture of Egyptian Queen Nefertiti with CT", "Hidden Face In Nefertiti Bust Examined With CT Scan", "Egypt Vows "Scientific War" If Germany Doesn't Loan Nefertiti", "Queen Nefertiti rules again in Berlin's reborn museum", "Germany: Time for Egypt's Nefertiti bust to go home? Early Egyptologists, misunderstanding the textual evidence recovered from the Maru-Aten sun temple at Amarna, deduced that Nefertiti had separated from Akhenaton and had retired to live either in the north palace at Amarna or in Thebes. [1] The work is believed to have been crafted in 1345BCE by Thutmose because it was found in his workshop in Amarna, Egypt. at Martin Gropius Bau, Berlin, What Depictions of Medusa Say about the Way Society Views Powerful Women, How Millennia of Cleopatra Portrayals Reveal Evolving Perceptions of Sex, Women, and Race, The Map That Revealed How Ancient Egyptians Pictured the Afterlife, Jenna Gribbon, Luncheon on the grass, a recurring dream, 2020. Students who can identify the elements and evaluate their role in the composition of a work of art will be better able to understand an artist's choices. There is good evidence for a King Smenkhkare, but the identification in the 20th century of a male body buried in the Valley of the Kings as Tutankhamens brother makes it unlikely that Nefertiti and Smenkhkare were the same person. According to the secretary of the German Oriental Company (who was the author of the document and who was present at the meeting), Borchardt "wanted to save the bust for us". T he famous bust of Nefertiti, made from limestone, is a statue representing the pharaoh of Egypt Akhenaten's Royal Wife. However, she was also largely hated because of her important religious role in the Aten cult. Here shown with the modius and double plumed head-dress instead of the flat topped crown she is famous for. These paintings explode with color, and commingle modern and ancient fashionsoff-the-shoulder tops, sweetheart dresses, and ankh necklacesthat remake Nefertiti and her hallmark crown for a new world. [10][39][43] In 1925, Egypt threatened to ban German excavations in Egypt unless the bust was returned. This watercolor copy depicts the queen (left) being led by the goddess Isis (right). On December 6, 1913, a team led by German archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt discovered a sculpture buried upside-down in the sandy rubble on the floor of the excavated . Facsimile by Charles K. WilkinsonTempera on paper, Dimensions: false An elegant portrait bust of Nefertiti now in Berlin is perhaps one of the most well-known ancient sculptures. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nefertiti, World History Encyclopedia - Biography of Nefertiti, American Research Center in Egypt - Nefertiti: Egyptian Wife, Mother, Queen and Icon, Nefertiti - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Nefertiti - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Akhenaton and Nefertiti under the sun god Aton. In fact, Nefertiti largely disappeared from the historical record by the 12th year of her husband Akhenatens reign, when she was around 30 years old. Nefertiti, the wife of the heretic pharaoh Akhenaten, is one of the most famous ancient Egyptian queens. Start. Beyond this, it's become pretty clear that rather than dying as Akhenaten's queen, as it used to be thought, Nefertiti actually survived him as a fully-fledged female pharaoh, one of the tiny number of such women who have existed over the years. Up to this point, Egyptian representations of the human body had, over the course of a millennium, changed very little. Had she died at Amarna, it seems inconceivable that she would not have been buried in the Amarna royal tomb. [19], Egyptian authorities also dismissed Stierlin's theory. For reasons yet unknown, the figure of the Queen Nefertiti appears in these reliefs far more often that that of the king. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. There are the portraits of Queen Elizabeth I, for example, produced in collaboration with the leading painters of her day to emphasise her heavily powdered, arsenic-white face as both virginal and ageless. Match the following artworks with the material (s) used to create them. Although not pharaoh herself, Nefertiti's name has persisted because written evidence suggests she held a uniquely influential role as wife and queen in the court. Seven busts of the queen sit on individual white podiums, the first of which is cinched by a hot red corset, as if to implicate a restrained body. Symbolic elements were widely used such as forms, hieroglyphics, relative size, location, materials, color, actions and gestures. 4. The Nefertiti Bust is a painted stucco-coated limestone bust of Nefertiti, the Great Royal Wife of Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten. (Photo: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons .). Due to rights restrictions, this image cannot be enlarged, viewed at full screen, or downloaded. The depictions of Akhenaten during this time give him distinctly feminine attributes with wide hips and prominent breasts. Historians have gleaned that Nefertiti was a major proponent of Akhenaten's religious and cultural movement. 100 Years of the Nefertiti Discovery, (Berlin, 2012), pp. Considered the most stunning depiction of a woman from the ancient world, the bust seems the material embodiment of the queen's name, which means "the beautiful one has come." An artwork or artistic style devoted to representing subjective emotions and experiences instead of objective or external reality is known by what term? The concept of a royal portrait. [26] Borchardt assumed that the quartz iris had fallen out when Thutmose's workshop fell into ruin. Nefertiti worshipping Aten (Photo: Jon Bodsworth via Wikimedia Commons). [17] In 1918, the museum discussed the public display of the bust, but again kept it secret at the request of Borchardt. It's not that the children actually were that size, it's . Stierlin argues that the missing left eye of the bust would have been a sign of disrespect in ancient Egypt, that no scientific records of the bust appear until 11 years after its supposed discovery and, while the paint pigments are ancient, the inner limestone core has never been dated. She holds a BA in Art History with a minor in Studio Art from Wofford College, and an MA in Illustration: Authorial Practice from Falmouth University in the UK. [52], In 1930, the German press described the bust as their new monarch, personifying it as a queen. Our continued interest in the Egyptian obsession with appearance isnt just about vanity, but the innovative leaps they made within the world of beauty. It is made of a limestone core covered with painted stucco layers. Instead of being portrayed as a scaled-down female figure standing behind her husband, Nefertiti was frequently presented at the same scale as Akhenaten, a bold artistic choice denoting her great importance and influence in court. This statuette depicting the pharaoh Amenhotep IV (later called Akhenaten) and his queen, Nefertiti, exemplifies the unique developments that took place in Egyptian art of the Amarna Period. He suggests it was made on the orders of German archaeologist . [21] Gardner's Art Through the Ages suggests that "With this elegant bust, Thutmose may have been alluding to a heavy flower on its slender sleek stalk by exaggerating the weight of the crowned head and the length of the almost serpentine neck. Some historians believe her father to be Ay, who was an important advisor to the royal family, including Nefertiti's future husband. The bust of Nefertiti was one of the stars. (CC BY-SA 3.0 ) One of the most unique presentations of the queen is the statue of the older Nefertiti - with wrinkles, a deeply lined forehead, and bags under eyes. The Nefertiti bust is identified as her likeness because of the characteristic blue crown, which she wears in all other inscribed depictions of her. Painted in the Valley of the Queens, KV 66, by Charles K. Wilkinson, for the Egyptian Expedition of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1922-1923. As a medium that doubles as an advertising tool, neon lights are often used to intrigue consumers. [4][8] The bust does not have any inscriptions, but can be certainly identified as Nefertiti by the characteristic crown, which she wears in other surviving (and clearly labelled) depictions, for example the "house altar". Queen Nefertari being led by Isis, Artist: Its this belief that left us with the legacy of extraordinary objects from Egyptian antiquity that populate museums across the globe, thanks to their love of durable materials like gold or precious stones and their knack for preservation, with many objects sealed away in air-tight tombs until their modern rediscovery. 12791213 B.C. Figures have variously been attributed as Akhenaten and Nefertiti, Smenkhkare and Meritaten, or Tutankhamen and Ankhesenamun. Sculptures from the Egyptian Era + Symbolic elements were widely used such as forms, hieroglyphics, relative size, location, materials, color, actions and gestures. The three were assimilated with the divine figures in one of Egypt's most important creation myths: the birthing of the twins Shu and Tefnut from the androgynous creator god Atum. Archaeological chemists examining Egyptian mummies have noted that the signature black, swooping eyeshadow worn by Nefertiti was packed with toxic lead-based chemicals, potentially serving as a means of fighting bacterial infection during periods when the Nile would flood. Nefertiti's images almost always show the queen with graceful features; high cheekbones, slanting eyes, arched brows, a full mouth, and a slender neck. [13][14] German authorities have also argued the bust is too fragile to transport and that legal arguments for repatriation were insubstantial. Celebrating creativity and promoting a positive culture by spotlighting the best sides of humanityfrom the lighthearted and fun to the thought-provoking and enlightening. The stronger the red shade was, the more power the person possessed. It was found in what had been the workshop of the sculptor Thutmose, along with other unfinished busts of Nefertiti. [31], The bust has become "one of the most admired, and most copied, images from ancient Egypt", and the star exhibit used to market Berlin's museums. Charles K. Wilkinson, Period: The Nefertiti bust was discovered in Amarna in 1912 (left). Several German art experts have attempted to refute all the claims made by Hawass, pointing to the 1924 document discussing the pact between Borchardt and Egyptian authorities. Noteworthy is that Nefertaris husband, Ramesses II, is absent in these scenes, indicating the queen's high status that allowed her to directly interact with the deities without him; such depictions would not be possible for non-royal individuals. Both men and women wore makeup not just out of vanity, but in the belief that adorning oneself with dazzling colours and intricate patterns would ward off evil spirits like a sacred version of todays peacocking pick-up technique. [39] The Neues Museum suffered bombings in 1943 by the Royal Air Force. Use your arrow keys to navigate the tabs below, and your tab key to choose an item, Title: In his plaster bust I used to be Nefertiti (2014), French-Moroccan artist Mehdi-Georges Lahlou asserts a kind of intimacy between himself and the sovereign. Nefertiti is also shown in a variety of roles, including driving chariots, attending ceremonial acts with Akhenaten, and smiting enemies. Line is an element of art that is used to define space, contours and outlines. 20002023 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. She might exfoliate with Dead Sea salts or luxuriate in a milk bath -- milk-and-honey face masks were popular treatments. She wears her own unique headdressa tall, straight-edged, flat-topped blue crown. There are few cultures as fixated with physical appearance as the ancient Egyptians. Hawass wanted Germany to lend the bust to Egypt in 2012 for the opening of the new Grand Egyptian Museum near the Great Pyramids of Giza. [16], While Philipp Vandenberg describes the coup as "adventurous and beyond comparison",[17] Time magazine lists it among the "Top 10 Plundered Artifacts". Nefertiti wears her characteristic blue crown known as the "Nefertiti cap crown" with a golden diadem band looped around like horizontal ribbons and joining at the back, and an Uraeus (cobra), which is now broken, over her brow. [11] Initially stored in the cellar of the Prussian Governmental Bank, the bust was moved in the autumn of 1941 to the tower of a flak bunker in Berlin. Algerian model Farida Khelfa by Ali Mahdavi for Christian Louboutin. They distributed postcards depicting the bust with the words "Return to Sender" and wrote an open letter to German Culture Minister Bernd Neumann supporting the view that Egypt should be given the bust on loan. The object was discovered in 1912 by German archaeologists and, with several other sculptures, had been left behind in the sculpture workshop . In 2005, Hawass requested that UNESCO intervene to return the bust.[46]. The bust is now in the Neues Museum in Berlin. The Amarna period, roughly 1353-1336 BCE, introduced a new form of art that completely contradicted what was known and revered in the Egyptian culture. In his 2017 bronze work Quantum Nefertiti, German sculptor Julian Voss-Andreae presents the monarch as unburdened by time or corporeal form. It is one of the most-copied works of ancient Egypt. While it was once thought that Nefertiti disappeared in the twelfth year of Akhenaten's reign because of her death or because she took a new name, she was still alive in the sixteenth year of her husband's reign according to a limestone quarry inscription found at Dayr Ab innis[5] "on the eastern side of the Nile, about ten kilometres [6 miles] north of Amarna. Its interesting that the most iconic image of the might of ancient Egypt a civilisation that spanned over three millennia is that of Nefertiti, one of its most unlikely leaders. A radar survey around the tomb of Tutankhamun in Egypt's Valley of the . Colours as if paint was just applied. 3,500-Year-Old Unfinished Obelisk Reveals Incredible Engineering of Ancient Egypt, Ancient Egyptian Mummy Has Sophisticated Pattern Woven Around Head, 7 Surprising Facts About the Egyptian Pyramids, Colorized Photos Reveal the Historic Moment King Tuts Tomb Was Discovered. Bronx-born artist Fred Wilsons 1993 project Grey Area (Brown version) offers five iterations of Nefertitis bust in a spectrum of skin tones. Hitler opposed the idea and told the Egyptian government that he would build a new Egyptian museum for Nefertiti. Eventually the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation which oversees the museum released the file, which is now available[51] (not directly from the museum), however controversially attached a copyright to the work, which is in the public domain. Amarna style, revolutionary style of Egyptian art created by Amenhotep IV, who took the name Akhenaton during his reign (1353-36 bce) in the 18th dynasty. Wilkinson, Charles K. and Marsha Hill 1983. Counterpart to the bust of the king from p. Just as beautiful, just as wealthy, and just as powerful - if not more powerful," says Michelle Moran . The Bust of Nefertiti . She lived in a country rich with history and tradition. One of the most remarkable legacies of Nefertitis reign are the paintings discovered in her husbands tomb, where she is represented driving chariots, attacking enemies and performing ceremonial acts usually reserved solely for the male Pharaoh. The vivid wall paintings represent elements of the spiritual journey that the Queen's spirit would have made through the underworld in order to finally rest with the god Osiris. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. by Swiss art historian Henri Stierlin and the book Missing Link in Archaeology by Berlin author and historian Erdogan Ercivan both claimed that the bust was a modern fake. Her name roughly translates to the beautiful one has come, and it was a beauty that she used to her advantage, coming from a humble background and searing herself onto the public consciousness with unprecedented savvy. [35] Simultaneously, a campaign called "Nefertiti Travels" was launched by cultural association CulturCooperation, based in Hamburg, Germany. As Nefertiti had no sons of her own, the succeeding pharaoh Tutankhamun (or King Tut) was the son of Akhenaten and one of his lower consorts. Unfinished head of Nefertiti. It is one of the most copied works of ancient Egypt. "I really want it back," he said. It wasnt just in art that she shaped this new impression of female power: appearing directly in front of her subjects, the possibilities offered by makeup to fashion her own identity were carefully exploited. Nefertiti has become one of the most famous women of the ancient world and an icon of feminine beauty. Want to advertise with us? Akhenaten initiated a new monotheistic form of worship called Atenism dedicated to the Sun disc Aten. "[45] The repatriation issue sprang up again in 2003 over the Body of Nefertiti sculpture. Queen Nefertiti Painted limestone 18th Dynasty 1375-1357 BC Realistic, with heavy lided eyes, slender neck, determined chin and pure profile under her heavy crown. She is portrayed as an iconic woman who is graced with beauty, elegance, wit, power, charm and all other things that many women could only dream of. For all the lore that surrounds Nefertitis image, very little is known about the life of the beautiful one, as she is called. "These materials confirm Egypt's contention that (he) did act unethically with intent to deceive." Art at the Time. The circumstances surrounding Nefertiti's death are a mystery, as her name disappears from the historical record at about the 12th year of Akhenaten's 17-year reign. For their 2016 work The Other Nefertiti, the artists produced multiple 3D prints of the bust. Bochardt made sketches of the find in his notebook. Margherita Cole is a Contributing Writer at My Modern Met and illustrator based in Southern California. There are depictions of her playing chess, driving a chariot, and hitting the enemies, which reinforces the fact that Nefertiti stood at almost the same authoritative position as her husband. Credit: Oliver Lang/DDP/AFP/Getty. Without it, she would not be fit for the artistic and political projection that remains foundational to her posthumous reception.
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