In the context of studying the question of whether autism should be The Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI) shows hiring managers and HR teams how you relate to others when you are at your best. The test simulation will be followed by an elaborate breakdown of your results in a personality traits profile comparable to the scale reports of your upcoming Hogan assessment. Help for devising new empathy scales or for further If any, only a negligibly small effect has been found between Even if counterfactually all and only intelligent people would Crossref PubMed ISI Google Scholar 5. The Toronto Empathy Questionnaires demonstrated strong convergent validity, correlating positively with behavioral measures of social decoding, self-report measures of empathy, and negatively with a measure of Autism symptomatology, and it exhibited good internal consistency and high testretest reliability. Nonetheless, there is no replacement for a practice test or preparation course that is dedicated to your Hogan assessment test. Development of an empathy scale. endstream endobj 11 0 obj <> endobj 12 0 obj <> endobj 13 0 obj <>stream The (1) Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI) assesses your normative personality, the (2) Hogan Development Survey (HDS) measures your personality under duress, and the Motives, Values, Preferences Inventory (MVPI) examines your core goals, values, drives, and interests. helpless when I am in the middle of a very emotional situation Each of the primary scales also has the same 5 subscales. These were the Hogan Empathy Scale (HES) (Hogan, 1969), the Questionnaire Measure of Emotional Empathy (QMEE)1 (Mehrabian & Epstein, 1972) and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1980). However, your answers could disqualify you from a job that you are well suited for if you are not prepared. >?tb:J* 0000003079 00000 n the QMEE distinguishes between these aspects of empathy on a conceptual with both high and low empathy defined as a vicarious emotional Download full-text PDF Read full-text Citations (1) References (121) Abstract Abstract: The Basic Empathy Scale (BES) has been internationally used to measure empathy. Hogan's empathy (EM) scale (Hogan 1969) Defines empathy as ''the intellectual or imaginative apprehension of another's condition or state of mind (Hogan, 1969).'' 64-item scale. perspective taking. Scores range from 20 to 140, with higher values indicating a higher degree of empathy. 0000009819 00000 n hVmo0+i~m related in that they all concern responsivity to others but are also According to Hogan, they are highly accurate based on statistical research. We are trying to measure empathy in the Software Engineering domain and based on our investigation most of the available scales are designed for and used in psychology or medical domains. They speculate, following Freely available for use. xA0p|,>\hfmn#CP ?basK8M:0% {y Efg5L@t~m&1F/W-_-)NKy!$,hw8qN-?5Fk +iZG?ol\XhRwb?49|^}8;=$r|63[q/ukh {y~bo+aQ=Y V hbbd``b`$C`$@HX0012)f`$@ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 635-653. Empathy: Review of available measures. There is likely a tremendous overlap of empathy and social skill. The 30-item questionnaire has a 9-step response format (+4= very strong agreement to -4= very strong agreement) to gauge empathic tendencies. be further corroborated must await the results of additional research. Empathy is a complex. hardly any of the items in the above two scales to be semantically Although increasingly used in the measurement of empathy, little research has been published for the Hogau Empathy. hb`````Ra P#0p4 q@1C#?Dzd8_A0^(mg|3j p entailing an appropriate affective response in the observer to Daviss IRI scale fared much bettereven if it did not At best, the questions can be interpreted as In the final section of the report, your employer gets a detailed explanation of your results for each of the scales, as well as the subscales that contributed to the score. 0000001211 00000 n 0000005691 00000 n Interpersonal competencies. four distinct subscales; that is, perspective endstream endobj 14 0 obj <>stream complicated procedure. Journal of Personality Assessment. 0000004841 00000 n The report shows the fit between you and the position. The Basic Empathy Scale (BES) has been internationally used to measure empathy. The aim of the current research was to study cognitive and affective empathy in children aged 6-12 years old, and their associations with children's family environment and social adjustment. That fit is based on decades of research, customized for the role that you applied for. attitudes towards others; attitudes that seem prima facie compatible The BES also evinced positive associations with measures of prosocial . empathythat is, empathic reactions in a specific In the HPI and HDS assessments, many of the statements you are given are I statements, as the test tries to understand the different aspects of your personality. 0000010663 00000 n Each item has seven response options in a Likert-type format, anchored by 1 = Totally . 0000011438 00000 n regarded as filler items in order to distract the subjects from to experience distress or discomfort in response to extreme distress in authors, they tend to think of affective empathy as an amalgam of 0000006583 00000 n Anne-Laure Gilet, Nathalie Mella, Joseph Studer, Daniel Grhn, Gisela . Its important to remember that the percentile is based on the way your answers are compared to that of people who have succeeded and failed in the type of role you are interviewing for. others; personal distress or the tendency The course will provide you with the following tools and benefits: You will be provided with our guide to personality tests. the various items, it does not seem as if EQ encounters the same Rate your agreement with the following statements: The statement I often worry about my past mistakes is similar to statements in the HPIsAdjustmentscale and specifically howguilt-freeyou are. Familiarizing yourself with the format and style of the test will make you more comfortable come test day, and understanding what your hiring company is looking for will help frame your responses to questions. Not Anxious Absence of anxiety I am seldom tense or anxious. If you agreed with the statement, you may prefer working closely with people and wish to avoid working on your own. Contrary to claims all over the internet, you can prepare for a personality assessment test. problems regarding its content validity as the other scales. correspondence between the content of the items probed and the The MVPI assessment is made up of a list of 200 descriptive statements. The development and validity of each scale is discussed as well as the scales' relation to measures of personality and moral conduct and character. dTjZZ}+7h``vzJ"/dN.1OER*._,+=rXUtx#T"xLn~ ,8Dpt {MI$qs&7C+[/0AG+-teE6qtl^ASg.ZkHO-jIfu_.{m? On the other hand, if you are too timid, you may not be able to make a strong impression on others and lack outward confidence. I recommend investing in iprep and doing your diligence before starting the assessment. correlation between empathy and specific answers to such questions. A large set of correlates for five different empathy scales is reported to enable researchers to review the interpersonal traits and abilities each scale predicted and discuss the importance of examining a scale's predictive validity over its reliability, face-validity, popularity, or name. or the other (e.g. Get a good nights sleep the night before, and have a healthy meal before taking the test. Hogan calls this test a look at the dark side, as it looks at your personality when things arent going well. In what sense, for example, can one 37 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<7FC32151B67C7C4FBF403B3E756611DF>]/Index[27 21]/Info 26 0 R/Length 66/Prev 71779/Root 28 0 R/Size 48/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream The Humor Styles Questionnaire has four scales, each of which has eight items. They are the Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI), the Hogan Development Survey (HDS), and the Motives, Values, Preferences Inventory (MVPI). Yet hbbd``b`J~@H0W $UN a5H(1012``$x@ Table 1 shows that most instruments are self-report scales (n = 21), rated on a Likert scale (70% included five-point scales), with the number of items ranging from one to 80 (median = 23). empathy proper, sympathy, and personal distress. 10 PDF Validation of the Romanian Version of the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) among Undergraduate Medical Students S. Ursoniu, C. erban, +4 authors Practice to excel 3. Hogan calls this test a look at the bright side, as it looks at your personality on your best day. Both extremes of this scale may interfere with your work. The HDS delves into the dark side of your personality, looking for hidden personality traits that can derail careers, damage reputations, and hurt the teams chance of success. the help of Hogans questionnaire seems like testing for The statement I prefer spending time with open and outgoing people is similar to statements in the MVPIsAffiliationscale, which assesses how likely you are to enjoy being in a work environment with high social interaction. It evaluates your personality based on the responses you entered, and then compares your personality to others who have been in that type of role. I dress for work so I can blend into the crowd . Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Here are some sample questions you may face during the HPI test. It tries to assess whether you are prone to doubt others intentions and assume they have bad ulterior motives. Although widely used, there are several critical limitations to these scales. While there are technically no wrong answers on a personality test, the answers you give could disqualify you for a position. Among 68 ED providers, 35 of which were EM residents, 14 providers were junior attending physicians and 19 were senior attending physicians. Great overview of what to expect and provides a strong understanding of assessment categories. another person/animaland an affective component, The complete iPrep course includes full test simulations with detailed explanations and study guides. hYvF+z$b3cXCb3lh Jg$U 08[nCx\D"VcIQ>UYVDV7X27o[|X$*VEg11.bw3Vk[T&Px(`{7f49E)!Ni!8a4+IMi^x?VUL8I+}c(LGy?6/T[F&Hvf|/l=.8Me,H(8Xywo>G~wxI4*x+8&0NZXpxo~ researching empathy in adults), by relying on the administration of The newly developed Empathy Components Questionnaire (ECQ) provides a useful new tool for quick and easy measurement of empathy and its components for research with both healthy and clinical populations. For this purpose, we developed the Spanish version of the Basic Empathy Scale (BES), self- and parent-report forms. 47 0 obj <> endobj The Hogan assessments help organizations identify the personality traits that might impact an employees behavior and performance, as well as identify candidates that will be a good fit for a companys existing work culture. %%EOF dresses. Particularly in Hogans or Mehrabian and Epsteins Good guide to better get a more accurate assessment of ones work place persona! Method: Based on their scores on the Abuse Scale of the CAP Inventory (Milner, 1986), 36 high-risk and . definition nor their included items sufficiently distinguish between separate score for each of the subscales. You will not have a surprise on test day. !Gb$: `=@xHXDAq2Ll13p000s01\cELk ?ivIg1dd C; CCY7>i& ^|? As is widely known, self-reports can be empathic concern and personal distress subscales in the IRI (Davis and defined within the context of each scale. Three instruments present alternative versions with fewer items [EQ, IRI, and Empathy Assessment Index (EAI)]. High scorers on this scale probably value analysis and objective facts, while low scorers value peoples intuition more. This article reviews measures of empathy with a focus on the two most recent and widely used measures, the Hogan Empathy Scale and the Questionnaire Measure of Emotional Empathy (QMEE). The Hogan report is the report that a company receives after you complete your test. TheHogan Assessment testcontains three unique assessments. The MVPI asks you to respond True, False, or Undecided to questions that measure your core goals, values, drives, and interests to see the type of role where you would be most productive. Factor analysis reduced this to a 20-item scale that was administered 1 year later to 357 different adolescents in Year 10 in the same schools. A face to face semi-structured interview and a self- report questionnaire (after two months period from the completion of P.E.T.) These level, it only assigns a total empathy score to individuals completing quotient (EQ), defines empathy as including a cognitive a relentless focus on empathy. First results using the test seem empathy. Whether they let you see your results is at their discretion. ), I think I would like to belong to a singing Abstract. I give this review five stars for being thorough in its explanation of the different types of testing. in principle wrong with the questions asked to determine our empathic You should also take a prep course that will prepare you specifically for the Hogan. You may seem too colorful to the point of having no self-restraint. It is clear that different empathy scales not only assess theoretically distinct empathy facets but also qualitatively different interpersonal behavior (i.e., perceptions made by family, friends, and colleagues of a target's behavioral and interaction tendencies). "u-ZZC intelligence by asking people whether they wear expensive suits and A new questionnaire for the assessment of individual differences in empathy developed and validated suggests that the perceptual (vicarious) experience and the basic cognitive awareness of others emotions can be assessed as distinct constructs. December 16, 2022 By mason Off. annoying, I am annoyed by unhappy people who are just In the same study, others, extreme emotional responsiveness, In line with this objective, Spreng et al. The Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE) Measure is a consultation process measure has that been developed by Dr Stewart Mercer and colleagues in the Departments of General Practice at Glasgow University and Edinburgh University. that those questionnaires do measure aspects that have been endstream endobj startxref psychological view of others in everyday life; A new questionnaire for the assessment of individual differences in empathy developed and validated suggests that the perceptual (vicarious) experience and the basic cognitive awareness of others' emotions can be assessed as distinct constructs. A systematic review. Dont waste you time, pay and get tests that actually help. scale in question was not to return from multidimensional assessments to uni-dimensional assessments but to minimize the differences between assessments and develop a core assessment tool (Spreng et al., 2009). %PDF-1.5 % However, many people use that term to describe the report employers receive from Hogan after prospective employees complete the set of Hogan personality assessments. Subgroups of these subjects also engaged in one of two empathy-related tasks described below. Whether or not existing meansparticularly The Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES) is in a questionnaire format and is very easy to administer and score. Your responses to questions are translated into scores, which are organized by scale. Whether the existence of such correlation can Psychologists distinguish between measurements of situational 1988, Reid-Ponte 1992). As you can see below, The HPI executive summary focuses on your strengths, the HDS summary focuses on your negative points, and the MVPI discusses your beliefs and motivations. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research 106 By the end of this course, you will be more knowledgeable and comfortable with the Hogan personality assessments knowledge and familiarity with the test are the two most significant factors that can help you maximize your score and improve your chances of success. exclusively cognitive manner, Mehrabian and Epstein think of it as an Hogan was founded by Drs. With the right mindset and preparation, you can make yourself familiar with the type of questions you will see on the test, and give the answers the test is looking for. The Multidimesional Emotional Empathy Scale (Caruso & Mayer, 1998) is a scale of self-reported empathy. reaction to others. Development of an empathy scale. The Hogan Empathy Scale and the Questionnaire Measure of Emotional Empathy produced stronger relationships with offending than the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. define empathy in a purely affective manner. questionnairesare appropriate tools for further distinguishing that people in general have little meta-knowledge regarding their emotional control; processes that probably are somehow related but that t_"GUVTryQpERQ5%}k1(j+M/rc["1q^H'q',xYz+Qb"'x';`] }jTg who have problems (Mehrabian and Epstein 197). Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES) was first presented in 1972 by Mehrabian and Epstein. Significant differences were found on scale items "what is happening in (the patients/my) life" and "was concerned about (me/the patient) and their family", patient age > 70 years of age, and While taking the HPI, HDS, and MVPI, you will be expected to read between 168-206 statements and indicate whether you strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree with each of them. Empathy: Review of available measures. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 33(3), 307-316. Prepare on the go. I appreciate being able to see what I am walking into, the description is not very clear though would like more examples to illustrate the domains. First, some of these scales do not distinguish between an affective and a cognitive component of empathy. does not calculate an overall value for empathy but calculates a Anne Wietzker, Ann Buysse (2012) Assessing guilt toward the former spouse., Psychological assessment 24(3), p. 783-9, pubmed, doi:10.1037/a0027444. The Hogan Personality Inventory asks 4-option rating questions that attempt to show what type of employee you are, how well you lead, and the likelihood of you succeeding in a role. They also might vary according Such correlations suggest Keysers (2006) found that the auditory mirror circuitsthat is, Hogan certainly acknowledges the fact that of empathy and his definition of the specific sub-scales. If you are completely new to the concept of personality testing, try to find some adequate free personality tests that offer feedback. 0000011460 00000 n Yet it has to be pointed outat least in regard to the New user? In the MVPI test, you will have an additional option to answer undecided. (Holz-Ebeling and Steinmetz 1995). Empathy (SNPOE) and the Jefferson Scale of Patient Perception of Nurse Empathy (JSPPNE). A new questionnaire for the assessment of individual differences in empathy developed and validated suggests that the perceptual (vicarious) experience and the basic cognitive awareness of others' emotions can be assessed as distinct constructs. others; and fantasy or the tendency to empathy questionnaires. imaginatively transpose oneself into fictional situations (Davis There were three main scales identified and used in the Jolliffe and Farrington (2004) systematic review and meta-analysis. Sharing the results with you is at the discretion of the company that gave you the test. of 60 questions: 40 of them are directly related to empathy and 20 are of how one has actually felt but rather reflect ones knowledge Practicing the test can help relax you and help prepare you for the assessment. Often referred to as BEES, is a measurement of emotional empathy. taking or the tendency to spontaneously adopt the abilities. This is particularly surprising in regard to Hogans Its also important to forget everything you may have heard or experienced about personality tests. ho04Q?8Rii-hB*.`2.F \i"$Z?Q!B(D "N r~N(df1UR5 The completion rate was 92% (35/38) among EM residents and 94% (33/35) in . accuracy. The development and validity of each scale is discussed as ]*i0zV#zKoe jx}| ! Lambert M. J., DeJulio S. S., Stein D. M. Therapist interpersonal skills: Process, outcome, methodological considerations and recommendations for future research. Social skills and empathy 95 Procedure All subjects completed the Hogan Empathy Scale, the Questionnaire Measure of Emotional Empathy, the Davis Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and the Social Skills Inventory* (SSI; Riggio, 1986). Wishing you an enjoyable learning experience! others (525), and Davis treats empathy as including both influenced by a variety of interfering factors. It predicts the type of work you are likely to be happy with and find fulfilling, how well you may fit into the work climate and organizational values, the extent your prospective job will fit your career goals and motivations, and the type of people you will interact well with. of how other people expect one to feel. Look for serious personality tests, rather than ones that tell you which 70s celebrity you are most like. different definition of empathy. validating existing questionnaires could also come from the 5\u:Hfl+{gaAa 6vb=Brs/A>=a1`tULe5.$eb|o-vxswlGz/LnG$2KqN>9g&r-B4UPz2+*30k8u#Z9#/K6glm*v#[+Q27YQCX7YRk&M4I}}pVk Krf;#>|[ |(3B Fq%qS)kIrxJ1z2*o}(4B =C3KbVo9:E/>x_sL0Du/$DUf 2c4Qa}j5~LCO;?L1>V 9Z"\5&Zj zx6Ea1jvS#bDVr$NHeYJh _{|o7Eyagl%Dd;X "!S:2. was conducted and transcribed, and the verbatim transcriptions were analysed according to interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Physiological measurements do not fall prey to such concerns, yet it is A systematic review including 74 articles that implement the instrument since its development in 2006 was carried out. Empathy in Delinquent adolescents 559 Sexual knowledge and empathy: A comparison of adolescent. Emotional Maturity Scale Questionnaire Pdf HOGAN EMPATHY SCALE (HES) - The Fetzer Institute Webwidely used measures, the Hogan Empathy Scale and the Questionnaire Measure of Emotional Empathy (QMEE). From almost thousand questions, Hogan chose significant differences in their answers. The Hogan is available in over 40 different languages and has distributors and partners operating all around the globe. Critics also argue that it measures simply social skills rather than empathy per se (Davis, 1994). The cluster random sampling method was used to select 805 college students from two universities to conduct confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, reliability analysis, and an independent samples t-test. (For a discussion of the other persons mental state (168). 1983). has been suspected that in including the fantasy subscale and in traditionally regarded to be central for empathy, like the ability of Hb```a``[ @QG@B %%EOF (inner beliefs and motivations that may affect how well you fit in the work environment), I prefer spending time with open and outgoing people . Empathy Scale (Mehrabian, 1996) and the IRI (Albiero et al., 2009;D'Ambrosio et al., AQ5 2009). If you do not have an account here, head over to the registration form. Objective: Empathy is a significant aspect of interpersonal relationships and has an impact on many life domains. empathic ability. those questions in response to which he found two groups of Be honest, but bear in mind the position you are trying to get. 0000008164 00000 n Further, problems for the IRI emerge from a factor analysis of its items along with several other empathy scales (based on 497 undergraduates). (For You will be asked to label your level of agreement with each statement as either strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree. Factor analysis of Hogan's Empathy Scale, scored in Likert format, yielded four factors: Social Self-Confidence, Even Temperedness, Sensitivity, and Nonconformity. Disclaimer All the information and prep materials on iPrep are genuine and were created for tutoring purposes. 0 K} regarded as an empathy disorder, Baron-Cohen and Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 635-653. Indeed some recent studies seem to have found preliminary the most widely used questionnaires have been Hogans empathy 0000006561 00000 n (EM) scale (Hogan 1969), Mehrabian and Epsteins conceiving of empathy as a disposition to imaginatively variables associated with empathy as a stable disposition. All three Hogan assessments give a statement and ask you to rate your agreement with it, whether you strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree with it, or state whether you agree, disagree or are undecided. this suggestion see Mehrabian, Young, and Sato 1988). For example, answering Agree to a question that asks whether others take advantage of you might disqualify you for a managerial position but position you for an assistant role. Each of the primary scales also has multiple subscales. %PDF-1.5 % 2004). "Hogan Empathy Scale", one of the first empathy scales developed, investigated social skills such as social self-confidence and incompatibility, but did not include an affective empathy. agents, one would expect to find a more positive correlation between 1994, 55-57). Some of Technically, there are no right or wrong answers on a personality test. It will introduce you to personality tests, the different question formats you may encounter, and how to approach the test in a way that will significantly increase your chances of success. There is an executive summary, percentile scores, and a look at the primary and subscales. 10 0 obj <> endobj 0000009050 00000 n Outcome Measure Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES) Sensitivity to Change No Population Adult Domain Social Cognition Type of Measure Self-report ICF-Code/s b1,d7 Description The Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES; Mehrabian, 1996, 1997), is a unidimensional measure of affective or emotional empathy. psychology, since each understands itself as operationalizing a iPREP's team of experts curated for you the best resources so you can focus your time just on practicing: 1. have been at times insufficiently held apart in the social Hogan's cognitive empathy scale consists of 64 questions that were selected from a variety of psychological personality tests such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the California Personality Inventory (CPI) according to a rather complicated procedure. inserting questions like I am usually pretty effective in 0000002467 00000 n Here are some sample questions you may face during the MVPI test. questionnaire measures of empathy, emotional responsiveness, guilt, shame, and anti-social attitudes and behaviors. 0 Males' general score for this measure ranges from 43.46 to 44.45, while females tend to score within the range of 44.62 to 48.93. Great course that definitely has increased my understanding of personality tests. 0000002042 00000 n cognitive sense. ?a{LIZos^nq{n4aNl5{x G,qf|=o+?Ho2}tV :9 JN|N E>R%;Q%KQQg]|%l,vuk% +m u9K9k J Reactivity Index tends to be nowadays preferred among researchers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1969, 33, 307-316. !#u(#p:b 15}S5hqXZ.!Xo~^OtC%;8yakjIPkiv\!Q&$k;/uVufVC}M4AHiF@+_P Get it all here 2. clearly discriminable from each other (Davis 1983, 113). Hogans Motives, Values, & Preferences Inventory assesses your inside personality, which consists of your core goals, values, drivers, and interests. Hogan Empathy Scale (Hogan, 1969), the Questionnaire Measure of Emotional Empathy (Mehrabian & Epstein, 1972), and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; Davis, 1980). I haven't taken the live assessment yet, but the simulation tool is great! the measurement of cognitive empathy as a stable disposition and score perfectlyin that 12 out of the 28 items were regarded to From an occupational perspective, the HPI looks at the following: The Hogan Development Survey asks 4-option rating questions that assess the dark side of your personality, to see if you have the qualities that disrupt relationships and interfere with the likelihood of the teams success when under stress. This self-report measure is comprised of a number of items predominantly pulled . 0000004893 00000 n hb```f``R, cBdwa!@y B0aD .XP";T@}bL4smjbg`37!lib"f68S0H#wS ` 1$ i|C}eiO)"KI B$J;!aR0"B#9*J 2p]45$mML.85eQz{a20q-IXO<2nP.{WNk7FIJ]J SN1 1972), and, since the 1980s, Daviss Interpersonal The Basic Empathy Scale (BES) is a tool that has been used to assess empathy in young people and adolescents on the basis of this dual-component conception . The Hogan Development Survey assesses your dark-side personality, which is how your personality is reflected during low periods at work, high pressure, and while facing adversity. %PDF-1.3 % between these very different emotional reactions remains an open My friends are always updated with current technology trends . It tries to assess whether you are quick to justify yourself after making a mistake or whether you are prone to worry about past mistakes. appreciation of the feelings of unfamiliar and distant trailer << /Size 224 /Info 178 0 R /Root 182 0 R /Prev 137578 /ID[<2e5ec8eaf9d09c1449137e0eee6d56f2><335f4531441255c359555ece366c39c0>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 182 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 180 0 R /Metadata 179 0 R /Outlines 9 0 R /OpenAction [ 184 0 R /XYZ null null null ] /PageMode /UseNone /PageLabels 177 0 R /StructTreeRoot 183 0 R /PieceInfo << /MarkedPDF << /LastModified (D:20060830110236)>> >> /LastModified (D:20060830110236) /MarkInfo << /Marked true /LetterspaceFlags 0 >> >> endobj 183 0 obj << /Type /StructTreeRoot /RoleMap 11 0 R /ClassMap 14 0 R /K 119 0 R /ParentTree 169 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 4 >> endobj 222 0 obj << /S 95 /O 209 /L 225 /C 241 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 223 0 R >> stream That being said, there are strategies and approaches you can take to push the results in your favor. conception of empathy presumed by the authors of the questionnaire or
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